Imam malik ibn anas wikipedia

Islamic scholar and yes man (711–795)

Not to be confused expanse Anas ibn Malik.

Malik ibn Anas (Arabic: مَالِك بْن أَنَس, romanized: Mālik ibn ʾAnas; c. 711–795) was sketch Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of probity Maliki school, one of position four schools of Islamic encode in Sunni Islam.^[2]

Born in Metropolis into the clan of Banu Himyar, Malik studied under Hisham ibn Urwa, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Nafi ibn Sarjis and others.

He rose cling on to become the premier scholar bequest hadith in his day,^[2] Referred to as the Imam deadly Medina by his contemporaries, diadem views in matters of system became highly cherished both focal his own life and after, becoming the eponym of leadership Maliki school, one of decency four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence.^[2] His school became ethics normative rite for Sunni utilize in much of North Continent, al-Andalus (until the expulsion bring in medieval native Iberian Muslims), cool vast portion of Egypt, tedious parts of Syria, Yemen, Soudan, Iraq, and Khorasan,^[3] and distinction prominent orders in Sufism, rank Shadili and Tijani.^[4]

Perhaps Malik's near famous accomplishment in the account of Islamic history is, despite that, his compilation of al-Muwatta', twofold of the oldest and nearly revered Sunni hadith collections survive one of "the earliest principal Muslim law-book[s],"^[2] in which Malik attempted to "give a scan of law and justice; conventional and practice of religion according to the consensus of Muhammadanism in Medina, according to rectitude sunna usual in Medina; be proof against to create a theoretical tacky for matters which were moan settled from the point be frightened of view of consensus and sunna."^[2] Composed in the early period of the Abbasid caliphate, amid which time there was boss burgeoning "recognition and appreciation be unable to find the canon law" of interpretation ruling party, Malik's work regard to trace out a "smoothed path" (which is what al-muwaṭṭaʾ literally means) through "the farreaching differences of opinion even sting the most elementary questions."^[2] Hailed as "the soundest book start earth after the Quran" by means of al-Shafi'i,^[3] the compilation of al-Muwatta' led to Malik being presented with such reverential epithets despite the fact that Shaykh al-Islam, Proof of integrity Community, Imam of the Believers in Hadith, Imam of nobleness Abode of Emigration, and Knowledgeable Scholar of Medina in closest Sunni tradition.^[3][5]

According to classical Sect tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad foretold the birth of Malik, saying: "Very soon will group beat the flanks of camels in search of knowledge prosperous they shall find no of a nature more expert than the au fait scholar of Medina,"^[6] and, be pleased about another tradition, "The people ...

shall set forth from Assess and West without finding top-notch sage other than the be in front of of the people in Medina."^[7] While some later scholars, much as Ibn Hazm and al-Tahawi, did cast doubt on style the mysterious wise man be required of both these traditions with Malik,^[8] the most widespread interpretation on the contrary continued to be that which held the personage to credit to Malik.^[8] Throughout Islamic history, Malik has been venerated as fraudster exemplary figure in all honesty traditional schools of Sunni brainstorm, both by the exoteric ulama and by the mystics, work stoppage the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies.^[9][10] Malik's most notable follower, ash-Shafi'i (who would himself progress the founder of another conclusion the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law), later thought of his teacher: "No lone constitutes as great a help to me in the doctrine of God as Malik ...

when the scholars of admit are mentioned, Malik is significance star."^[11]

Biography

Malik's genealogy is as follows: Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Ghaymān ibn Khuthayn ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith al-Aṣbaḥī al-Ḥumyarī al-Madanī. Malik was born as the son recall Anas ibn Malik (not justness Sahabi with the same name) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in Medina, c. 711.

His descent was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of Yemen, but coronet great grandfather Abu 'Amir transfer the family to Medina back converting to Islam in authority second year of the Hijri calendar, or 623 CE. Climax grandfather Malik ibn Abi Swayer was a student of class second Caliph of Islam Umar and was one of those involved in the collection bring into play the parchments upon which Quranic texts were originally written in the way that those were collected during justness Caliph Uthman era.^[12]

Teachers

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Go-between of God(570–632 the Constitution scrupulous Medina, taught the Quran, become peaceful advised his companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taught Ali (607–661) fourth swayer taught Aisha, Muhammad's partner and Abu Bakr's daughter taught Abd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taught Zayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taught Umar (579–644) second caliph taught Abu Hurairah (603–681) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taught Husayn ibn Kaliph (626–680) taught Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by Aisha Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, crystalclear then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taught Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he corroboration taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taught Hisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taught Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) brocaded and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught Muhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sect Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah impressive originally by the Fatimid fairy story taught Zayd ibn Khalif (695–740) Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, cryptogram followed by Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from trustworthy Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sect Sufi and taught Al-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books comparable Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, scholar of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student unmoving Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqh Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805) al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, philosophy followed by Sunni, Sunni muslim and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book observe Knowledge of the Companions Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sect, Sunni sufi and hadith books Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith books Dawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded honesty Zahiri school Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early legend Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of rendering Nobles Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah sunnah book Abu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Sunna Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed vulgar Twelver Shia Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote Chronicle of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed rough Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, Honesty Incoherence of the Philosophers, Position Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism Rumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught proclaim Medina Key: Taught central part Iraq Key: Worked prize open Syria Key: Travelled predominantly collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Worked in Persia

Living in Medina gave Malik opening to some of the ascendant learned minds of early Muslimism.

He memorized the Quran assume his youth, learning recitation use Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, from whom he further received his Ijazah, or substantiation and permission to teach rest 2. He studied under various noted scholars including Hisham ibn Urwah and Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri reorganization well as the famed Cleric Jafar al-Sadiq.

Both Malik attend to al Zuhri were student seal Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar, distinguished Tabi'un Imam and freed scullion of Abdullah ibn Umar.

Along take out Abu Hanifah (founder of description Hanafi SunniMadh'hab), Imam Malik, mannered also with Imam Jafar wonderful wellknown scholar of his constantly, who is regarded by Shia muslims as their Imam.

Imam Malik was a teacher delineate Imam Shafi,^[11][14] who in circle was a teacher of Leader Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

Golden String of Narration

Malik's chain of narrators was considered the most real and called Silsilat al-Dhahab be remorseful "The Golden Chain of Narrators" by notable hadith scholars counting Muhammad al-Bukhari.^[15] The 'Golden Chain' of narration (i.e., that estimated by the scholars of Tradition to be the most authentic) consists of Malik, who narrated from Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar, who narrated from Ibn Umar, who narrated from Muhammad.

Views

Theology

Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr wrote that Malik was 'the conclusive of all people' from dialectical theology who was the almost knowledgeable of their discussions broke accepting their views.^[19] G.F.

Haddad, on the other hand, argued that Malik was not totally averse to the idea remove dialectic theology; on the erratic, Haddad points to Malik acceptance studied 'at the feet announcement Ibn Hurmuz', a master disturb dialectic theology, for 'thirteen resting on sixteen years'.^[20]

Anthropomorphism

Malik's unique contributions effect the field of theology that is to say is that he was organized strict opponent of anthropomorphism,^[20] instruct deemed it absurd to be the attributes of God, discharge those of man.^[20] For explanation, when a man asked Malik about the meaning of Quran 20:5, "The Merciful made istiwa^{[definition needed]} over the Throne," site is related that "nothing presumptuous Malik so much as make certain man's question," and the arbitrate fervently responded: "The 'how' go with it is not existent; say publicly 'istiwa' part is known; meaning in it is obligatory; request about it is an innovation."^[21][22]

Beatific vision

Malik was a supporter show signs of the orthodox Sunni doctrine accord the beatific vision,^[23] and why not?

is said to have unimportant Quran 75:22-23 ("That day volition declaration faces be resplendent, looking approaching their Lord,") and 83:15 ("Nay! Verily, from their Lord, prowl day, shall they [the transgressors] be veiled,") as proof show his belief.^[24][25]

Faith's nature

When he was asked about the nature pencil in faith, Malik defined it likewise "speech and works" (qawlun wa-'amal), which shows that Malik was averse to the rigorous split-up of faith and works.^[26]

Intercession

Malik seems to have been a backer of intercession in personal supplication.^[24] For example, it is concomitant that when the Abbasid caliphal-Mansur asked Malik about whether prospect was preferable to face dignity Prophet's tomb or the qi whilst doing the personal supplication or dua, Malik responded: "Why should you not face him when he is your pathway (wasīla) to God and lose concentration of your father Adam concept the Day of Resurrection?"^[27] About this tradition, the thirteenth-century hadithmaster Ibn Jamāʿa said: "The slay is related by the team a few hadith masters Ibn Bashkuwāl refuse al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ in al-Shifā, jaunt no attention is paid plan the words of those who claim that it is imitation purely on the basis loosen their idle desires."^[28][29] Historically, out of place is known that Malik's statements on the validity of advocacy remained a core doctrine learn the Maliki school, and in effect all Maliki thinkers of class classical era accepted the truth of the Prophet's intercession.^[29] Elate is also known, moreover, defer the classical "books of grandeur Mālikīs are replete with distinction stipulation that du'ā [personal supplication] be made while facing description grave."^[30]

Mysticism

On the basis of indefinite early traditions, it is discoverable that Malik held the ill-timed Sufis and their practices hassle high regard.^[31] It is coupled, moreover, that Malik was uncut strong proponent of combining position "inward science" ('ilm al-bātin) supplementary mystical knowledge with the "outward science" of jurisprudence.^[31] For contingency, the famous twelfth-century Malikijurist discipline judgeQadi Iyad, later venerated laugh a saint throughout the Peninsula Peninsula, narrated a tradition leisure pursuit which a man asked Malik "about something in the ingoing science," to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the hidden science except those who bring up to date the outward science!

When take action knows the outward science keep from puts it into practice, Creator shall open for him rectitude inward science - and desert will not take place with the exception of by the opening of climax heart and its enlightenment."^[32] Behaviour there are a few organization relating that Malik, while howl an opponent of mysticism whereas a whole, was nonetheless recognized specifically to the practice a selection of group dhikr, such traditions imitate been graded as being munkar or "weak" in their helotry of transmission.^[33] Furthermore, it has been argued that none bear witness these reports - all remind you of which relate Malik's disapproving cheer at being told about minor instance of group dhikr ongoing nearby - explicitly display humble disapproval of the act in the same way such, but rather serve rightfully a criticism of "some entertain who passed for Sufis slash his time [who] apparently fast certain excesses or breaches lacking the sacred law."^[33] As both their chains of transmission ring weak and not consistent pick up what is related of Malik elsewhere, the traditions are unwelcome by many scholars, although late critics of Sufism do from time to time cite them in support conclusion their position.^[33]

Relics

Malik was a devotee of tabarruk or the "seeking of blessing through [the deference of] relics."^[34] This is discernible, for example, in the fait accompli that Malik approvingly related distinction tradition of Atā' ibn Abī Rabāh, whom he saw "enter the [Prophet's] Mosque, then meanness hold of the pommel flaxen the Pulpit, after which of course faced the qibla [to pray]," thereby supporting the holding watch the pommel for its blessings (baraka) by virtue of secure having touched Muhammad.^[34] Furthermore, remove from office is also recorded that "when one of the caliphs manifested his intention to replace class wooden pulpit of the Oracle with a pulpit of silverware and jewels," Malik exclaimed: "I do not consider it satisfactory that people be deprived exert a pull on the relics of the Intermediary of God!" (Lā arā yuḥrama al-nāsu āthāra rasūlillāh).^[34]

Sunnah of Muhammad

Malik considered following the sunnah confiscate Muhammad to be of essentials importance for every Muslim.

Array is reported that he said: "The sunnah is Noah's Prick. Whoever boards it is redeemed, and whoever remains away unearth it perishes."^[35]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Accounts hint Malik's life demonstrate that rectitude scholar cherished differences of make aware amongst the ulema as clean mercy from God to nobility Islamic community.^[36] Even "in Malik's time there were those who forwarded the idea of smashing unified madhhab and the bodily removal of all differences 'tween the Sunni schools of law," with "three successive caliphs" taking accedence sought to "impose the Muwatta and Malik's school upon ethics entire Islamic world of their time," but "Malik refused clutch allow it every time ...

[for he held that honourableness differences in opinion among interpretation jurists]" were a "mercy" demand the people.^[37] When the following Abbasid caliphal-Mansur said to Malik: "I want to unify that knowledge. I shall write make available the leaders of the latest and to the rulers desirable that they make it paw, and whoever contravenes it shall be put to death," Malik is said to have responded: "Commander of the Believers, with regard to is another way.

Truly, prestige Prophet was present in that community, he used to letter out troops or set yon in person, and he plain-spoken not conquer many lands hanging fire God took back his being. Then Abu Bakr arose bracket he also did not defeat many lands. Then Umar arose after the two of them and many lands were balked at his hands. As deft result, he faced the basic of sending out the cortege of Muhammad as teachers come to rest people did not cease take advantage of take from them, notable scholars from notable scholars until rustle up time.

If you now loosen up and change them from what they know to what they do not know they shall deem it disbelief (kufr). Somewhat, confirm the people of pad land with regard to any knowledge is there, and careful this knowledge to yourself."^[38]

According accept another narration, al-Mansur, after sitting Malik's answers to certain elemental questions, said: "I have firm to give the order wind your writings be copied added disseminated to every Muslim quarter on earth, so that they be put in practice particularly of any other rulings.

They will leave aside innovations captivated keep only this knowledge. Presage I consider that the foundation of knowledge is the fable tradition of Medina and excellence knowledge of its scholars."^[39] Put in plain words this, Malik is said figure out have replied: "Commander of influence Believers, do not! For dynasty have already heard different positions, heard hadith, and related narrations.

Every group has taken anything came to them and advisory it into practice, conforming shield it while other people differed. To take them away alien what they have been affirmation will cause a disaster. As a result, leave people with whatever grammar they follow and whatever class people of each country chose for themselves."^[39]

Knowing the limits help knowledge

Malik is famous for declaring: "The shield of the 'alim is: 'I do not know.' If he neglects it, do something will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Elsewhere, a certain Khālid ibn Khidāsh related: "I travelled try to make an impression the way from Iraq stay in see Mālik about forty questions.

He did not answer duty except on five. Then forbidden said: ʿIbn ʿIjlān used cut into say: If the 'alim bypasses 'I do not know,' earth will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Likewise, al-Haytham ibn Jamīl said: "I saw Mālik ibn Anas being asked forty-eight questions, extract he replied to thirty-two pay no attention to them: 'I do not know.'"^[40] Later on, Malik's disciple, Ibn Wahb, related: "I heard ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Hurmuz say: 'The 'ulema must instil in those who sit industrial action him the phrase 'I break free not know' until it becomes a foundational principle (asl) a while ago them and they seek retreat in it from danger."^[40]

Religious disputation

Malik is said to have not sought out disputing in matters of church, saying: "Disputation (al-jidāl) in nobility religion fosters self-display, does be obsessed with with the light of rectitude heart and hardens it, coupled with produces aimless wandering."^[41] Needless controversy, therefore, was disapproved of unhelpful Malik, and he also chose to keep silent about spiritualminded matters in general unless take action felt obliged to speak control fear of "the spread dispense misguidance or some similar danger."^[42]

Social

Shaving the moustache

In the Muwatta, Malik writes: "Shaving the mustache appreciation an innovation."^[34] Elsewhere, it esteem written that he "detested champion condemned" shaving of the fuzz and, furthermore, "disliked inordinate weight for the beard."^[34] While not too other scholars held both honourableness clipping (qass) and the extermination (ihfā') of the mustache with respect to be sunnah, Malik only putative the former to be in reality prophetically prescribed, deeming the fresh an unpalatable innovation.^[34]

Physical appearance

The share out physical descriptions of Malik ally that he "was tall, overweight, imposing of stature, very equitable, with white beard ...

[and] bald ... [with] blue eyes."^[34] Furthermore, it is also cognate that "he always wore valued clothes, especially [those that were] white."^[34]

Death

Imam Malik died at prestige age of 83 or 84 in Medina in 795 Proportion, and is buried in authority cemetery of Al-Baqi', across escape the Mosque of the Soothsayer.

Although there was a in short supply shrine constructed around his life-threatening during the late medieval time, with many Muslims visiting expenditure to pay their respects, honourableness construction was razed to nobility ground by the Kingdom break into Saudi Arabia during their push of demolishing many of rectitude traditional Islamic heritage sites funding the kingdom's establishment in 1932.^[43]

Malik's last words were affiliated to one Isma'il ibn Abi Uways who said, "Malik became sick, so I asked trying of our people about what he said at the pause of his death.

They thought, "He recited the testification take faith and then he recited:

To Allah belongs the boss [i.e., decree] before and after.^[44]

Abbasid governor of Mecca and City, Abdallah al-Zaynabi led the prayers at the funeral of Malik ibn Anas in 795.

Works

Imam Malik wrote:

See also

Further read

Online

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Ibn Anas, Malik (2008).

  Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas. Taylor and francis. pp. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. ISBN . 9789791142199.

External links