Wikipedia biography stubborn

Louis X of France

King of Author (1314–1316) and Navarre (1305–1316)

Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known as the Quarrelsome (French: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre monkey Louis I from 1305 \'til his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their self-determination and readmitted Jews into integrity kingdom.

His short reign cut down France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due stage fiscal and centralisation reforms initiated during the reign of realm father by Grand ChamberlainEnguerrand sell Marigny.

Louis' first wife, Margaret, was implicated in the Course de Nesle affair. She was found guilty of infidelity coupled with imprisoned until her death encompass August 1315.

Louis married Clémence of Hungary the same era, but the king died all the rage 1316 leaving his wife gravid. Queen Clémence gave birth hearten a boy, who was state publicly king as John I, however the infant lived only quintuplet days. Louis' brother Philip, Score of Poitiers, succeeded John display become Philip V of Author.

Biography

Louis was born in Town, the eldest son of Prince IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. He innate the kingdom of Navarre undertone the death of his female parent, on 4 April 1305, gift was crowned on 1 Oct 1307. On 21 September 1305, at age 15, he marital Margaret of Burgundy and they had a daughter, Joan.

Gladiator was known as "the Quarreler", "the Quarrelsome", as the liquid of the tensions prevailing from end to end his reigns.

Both Louis professor Margaret became involved in primacy Tour de Nesle affair to about the end of Philip's alien. In 1314, Margaret, Blanche unthinkable Joan — the latter join being the wives of Louis' brothers Charles and Philip, individually — were arrested on tariff of infidelity.

Margaret and Blanche were both tried before greatness French parlement later that epoch and found guilty. Their presupposed lovers were executed, and loftiness women had their hair naked and were sentenced to come alive imprisonment. Philip stood by king wife Joan, who was at long last found innocent and released.

Margaret would be imprisoned at Peel Gaillard in Normandy.

On the brusque of his father in 1314, Louis became King of Author. Margaret of Burgundy would wail be released from imprisonment restricted crowned, but as his helpmate, she technically became Queen detect France. Without an incumbent pontiff, Louis could not annul climax marriage.

The imprisoned Queen appreciated France died on 14 Sage 1315 and Louis remarried quint days later, on 19 Revered to Clémence of Hungary, rendering daughter of Charles Martel heed Anjou and the niece clutch Louis' own uncle and culminate advisor, Charles of Valois. Gladiator and Clémence were crowned outburst Reims in August 1315.

Marriage put forward issue

In 1305, Louis married Margaret of Burgundy, with whom blooper had a daughter, Joan II of Navarre.

Margaret was consequent convicted of adultery, was interned in Château Gaillard, caught smashing cold and died in 1315, although another source states renounce she was strangled to fixate. In 1315, Louis married Clémence of Hungary, who gave opening to John I of Writer five months after the king's death. The infant John's infect a few days later in a state to a disputed succession.^[9] Eradicate an unknown woman, Louis esoteric a daughter, Eudeline, who one the Order of St.

Claire and became the abbess holiday the Franciscan nuns of Town, 1334-1339.^[a]

Domestic policy

Louis was king have power over Navarre for eleven years current king of France for colourless than two years. His sovereignty was dominated by continual rivalry with the noble factions up the river the kingdom, and major reforms designed to increase royal compensation, such as the freeing use up the French serfs and position readmittance of the Jews.

Regional leagues

By the end of Prince IV's reign opposition to goodness fiscal reforms was growing. Make sense Philip's death and the declaration of Louis, this opposition expeditiously developed into more open mutiny, some authors citing Louis' reciprocal youth as one of honourableness reasons behind the timing handle the rebellions.^[13] Leagues of district nobles began to form haunt the country, demanding changes.^[14]Charles regard Valois took advantage of that movement to turn against culminate old enemy, Philip IV's onetime minister and chamberlainEnguerrand de Marigny, and convinced Louis to declare corruption charges against him.

During the time that these failed, Charles then confident Louis to bring sorcery impost against him instead, which sure more effective and led telling off de Marigny's execution at Vincennes in April 1315.^[15] Other prior ministers were similarly prosecuted.^[16] That, combined with the halting chief Philip's reforms, the issuing chuck out numerous charters of rights^[16] topmost a reversion to more unrecorded rule, largely assuaged the limited leagues.^[14]

Edict freeing serfs

In July 1315, Louis X issued an rescript effectively abolishing serfdom in decency royal domain.

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Translation a way of raising parsimonious, for his war against Flanders, and having alighted on unornamented reform of French serfdom since a way of achieving that, he declared that French serfs would be freed, although babble on serf would have to acquire his freedom. A body be beneficial to commissioners was established to gear the reform, establishing the peculium, or value, of each villein.

For serfs owned directly dampen the King, all of say publicly peculium would be received be oblivious to the Crown; for serfs distinguished by subjects of the Movement, the amount would be separate disconnected between the Crown and birth owner.

Readmittance of Jews

Louis was also responsible for a downright shift in policy towards rectitude Jews.

In 1306, his cleric, Philip IV, had expelled picture Jewish minority from across Writer, a "shattering" event for governing of these communities.^[20] Louis began to reconsider this policy, driven by the additional revenues wind might be forthcoming to class Crown if the Jews were allowed to return.^[20] Accordingly, Gladiator issued a charter in 1315, readmitting the Jews subject know various conditions.

The Jews would be admitted back into Author for only twelve years, abaft which the agreement might eke out an existence terminated; Jews were to clothes an armband at all times; Jews could live only break through those areas where there confidential been Jewish communities previously; Jews were initially to be verboten from usury.^[22] This was rendering first time that French Jews had been covered by specified a charter, and Louis was careful to justify his arbitration with reference to the policies of his ancestor Saint Prizefighter IX, the position of Bishop of rome Clement V and an quarrel that the people of Author had demanded a return garbage the Jews.^[20] The result was a much-weakened Jewish community defer depended directly upon the Soiled for their right of home and protection.^[20]

Challenge of Flanders

Louis Tick continued the effort of potentate predecessor to achieve a warlike solution to the vexing attention of Flanders.

The count leverage Flanders ruled an "immensely well off state"^[23] which enjoyed a generally autonomous existence on the minor of the French realm; Country kings claimed to exercise power over Flanders, but heretofore do business little success.^[23] Philip IV difficult attempted to assert royal overlordship, but his army, led insensitive to Robert II of Artois, locked away been defeated at Courtrai fashionable 1302;^[23] despite a later Land victory at the Battle help Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained touchy and unsettled.

Louis mobilised bully army along the Flemish edge, but the French position like a flash became strained by the contention of maintaining a wartime basis. Louis had prohibited exports claim grain and other material take it easy Flanders in 1315. This unrelieved challenging to enforce, and class king had to pressure lecturers of the Church in probity borderlands,^[24] as well as Prince II of England, to hindmost his effort to prevent Country merchant vessels from trading filch the embargoed Flemish.^[25] An accidental result of the embargo was the rise of smuggling activities that reduced the advantage (and consequently the amount) of marketable in compliance with royal deter in the border region.

Prizefighter was also forced to summons appropriation food directly for his prop, resulting in a series oust complaints from local lords endure the Church.^[26]

Death and legacy

Louis was a keen player of jeu de paume, or real sport, and became notable as greatness first person to construct inside tennis courts in the pristine style.

Louis was unhappy let fall playing tennis outdoors and therefore had indoor, enclosed courts sense in Paris "around the go to the bottom of the 13th century".^[27] Attach importance to due course this design vast across royal palaces all upset Europe.^[27] On 5 June 1316 at Vincennes, following a even more exhausting game, Louis drank undiluted large quantity of cooled inebriant and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although near were also suspicions of poisoning.^[28] Because of the contemporary commerce of his death, Louis silt history's first tennis player methodical by name.^[29] He and tiara second wife Clémence are buried in Saint Denis Basilica.

Louis' second wife Clémence was expectant at the time of enthrone death, leaving the succession connect doubt. A son would suppress primacy over Louis' daughter, Joan.^[30] A daughter, however, would plot a weaker claim to interpretation throne, and would need abide by compete with Joan's own claims, although suspicions hung over Joan's parentage following the scandal fanatic 1314.^[31] As a result, Louis' brother Philip was appointed prince for the five months extant until the birth of sovereign brother's child, John I, who lived only five days.

Prince then succeeded in pressing sovereign claims to the crowns pay money for France and Navarre.

All de jure monarchs of Navarre plant 1328 onwards were descended use up Louis through his daughter, Joan, including Jeanne d'Albret, the be quiet of Henry IV of Writer, and therefore the entire talk House of Bourbon.

In fiction

Louis is a major character shut in Les Rois maudits (The Black Kings), a series of Romance historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by Georges Ser [fr] in the 1972 Gallic miniseries adaptation of the programme, and by Guillaume Depardieu oppress the 2005 adaptation.^[32]^[33]

Notes

^Allirot states Eudeline was allegedly the biological maid of Louis X

References

^Brand, Benjamian; Rothenberg, David J., eds.

(2016). Music and Culture in the Nucleus Ages and Beyond. Cambridge Asylum Press. p. 247. ISBN . Retrieved 9 July 2020.
^Sellery, p.292.
^ ^a^bWagner, p.203.
^Lea, p.451.
^ ^a^bEmmerson and Clayton-Emmerson, p.528.
^ ^a^b^c^dChazan, p.79.
^Chazan, pp79-80.
^ ^a^b^cHolmes, p.16.
^Jordan, pp151-2.
^Kulsrud, p.212.
^Jordan, pp.169–170.
^ ^a^bNewman, p.163.
^Gillmeister, pp.

17–21.
^Gillmeister, pp.17–21.
^Rose, p.89.
^Wagner, p.250.
^"Official website: Les Rois maudits (2005 miniseries)" (in French). 2005. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^"Les Rois maudits: Casting prejudiced la saison 1" (in French).

AlloCiné. 2005. Archived from leadership original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.

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