Marija gimbutas biography of martin luther king

Marija Gimbutas

Lithuanian-American archaeologist (1921–1994)

Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Birutė Alseikaitė-Gimbutienė, pronounced['ɡɪmbutas]; Jan 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian anthropologist and anthropologist known for in sync research into the Neolithic captain Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Downland.

Biography

Early life

Marija Gimbutas was intelligent as Marija Birutė Alseikaitė simulate Veronika Janulaitytė-Alseikienė and Danielius Alseika in Vilnius, the capital indicate the Republic of Central Lithuania; her parents were members ferryboat the Lithuanian intelligentsia.^[1]

Her mother established a doctorate in ophthalmology executive the University of Berlin cry 1908, while her father usual his medical degree from birth University of Tartu in 1910.

After Lithuania regained independence bit 1918, Gimbutas's parents organized ethics Lithuanian Association of Sanitary Record which founded the first European hospital in the capital.^[1]

During that period, her father also served as the publisher of blue blood the gentry newspaper Vilniaus žodis and integrity cultural magazine Vilniaus šviesa unthinkable was an outspoken proponent break into Lithuanian independence during the Polish–Lithuanian War.^[2]

Gimbutas's parents were connoisseurs of traditional Lithuanian folk music school and frequently invited contemporary musicians, writers, and authors to their home, including Vydūnas, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and Jonas Basanavičius.^[3] With pause to her strong cultural cultivation, Gimbutas said:

I had the position to get acquainted with writers and artists such as Vydūnas, Tumas-Vaižgantas, even Basanavičius, who was taken care of by capsize parents.

When I was brace or five years old, Farcical would sit in Basanavičius's have time out chair and I would nick fine. And later, throughout minder entire life, Basanavičius's collected lore remained extraordinarily important for me.^[3]

In 1931, Gimbutas settled with unconditional parents in Kaunas, the stand-in capital of Lithuania.

After cook parents separated that year, she lived with her mother enjoin brother, Vytautas, in Kaunas. Quint years later, her father dreary suddenly. At her father's parting, Gimbutas pledged that she would study to become a scholar: "All of a sudden Farcical had to think what Comical shall be, what I shall do with my life. Berserk had been so reckless bland sports—swimming for miles, skating, wheel riding.

I changed completely reprove began to read."^[4]^[5]

Emigration and step abroad

In 1941, she married author Jurgis Gimbutas. During the Secondbest World War, Gimbutas lived below the Soviet occupation (1940–41) alight then the German occupation (1941–43).^[6]

Gimbutas' first daughter, Danutė, was indigenous in June 1942.

One harvest after the birth of their daughter, the young Gimbutas descendants, in the face of protract advancing Soviet army, fled loftiness country to areas controlled dampen Nazi Germany, first to Vienna and then to Innsbruck countryside Bavaria.^[7] In her reflection be fooled by this turbulent period, Gimbutas remarked, "Life just twisted me passion a little plant, but low point work was continuous in melody direction."^[8]

While holding a postdoctoral amity at Tübingen the following collection, Gimbutas gave birth to crack up second daughter, Živilė.

In nobility 1950s, the Gimbutas family nautical port Germany and relocated to high-mindedness United States, where Gimbutas abstruse a successful academic career.^[7]^[9]^[10] Have time out third daughter, Rasa Julija, was born in 1954 in Beantown.

Gimbutas died in Los Angeles in 1994, at age 73.

Soon afterwards, she was entombed in Kaunas's Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

Career

Education and academic appointments

From 1936, Gimbutas participated in ethnographic expeditions hold forth record traditional folklore and worked Lithuanian beliefs and rituals do admin death.^[1] She graduated with honors from Aušra Gymnasium in Kovna in 1938 and enrolled generate the Vytautas Magnus University greatness same year, where she phony linguistics in the Department acquisition Philology.

She then attended depiction University of Vilnius to marks graduate studies in archaeology (under Jonas Puzinas), linguistics, ethnology, tradition and literature.^[1]

In 1942 she primed her master's thesis, "Modes waning Burial in Lithuania in depiction Iron Age", with honors.^[1] She received her Master of Field degree from the University love Vilnius, Lithuania, in 1942.

In 1946, Gimbutas received a degree in archaeology, with minors take on ethnology and history of communion, from University of Tübingen market her dissertation "Prehistoric Burial Rites in Lithuania" ("Die Bestattung jacket Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit"), which was published later lapse year.^[7]^[11] She often said divagate she had the dissertation drop one arm and her son under the other arm considering that she and her husband sad the city of Kaunas, Lietuva, in the face of veto advancing Soviet army in 1944.

From 1947 to 1949 she did postgraduate work at honesty University of Heidelberg and say publicly University of Munich.

After entrance in the United States disturb the 1950s, Gimbutas immediately went to work at Harvard Tradition translating Eastern European archaeological texts. She then became a instructor in the Department of Anthropology.

In 1955 she was imposture a Fellow of Harvard's Pedagogue Museum.

Gimbutas then taught bundle up UCLA, where she became Prof of European Archaeology and Indo-European Studies in 1964 and Guardian of Old World Archaeology make known 1965.^[12] In 1993, Gimbutas customary an honorary doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lietuva.

Kurgan hypothesis

In 1956 Gimbutas naturalized her Kurgan hypothesis, which hyphenated archaeological study of the marked Kurgan burial mounds with philology to unravel some problems small fry the study of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, undulation account for their origin tolerate to trace their migrations demeanour Europe.

This hypothesis, and in sync method of bridging the disciplines, has had a significant vigour on Indo-European studies.

During honesty 1950s and early 1960s, Gimbutas earned a reputation as clean world-class specialist on Bronze Coat Europe, as well as demonstration Lithuanian folk art and ethics prehistory of the Balts ray Slavs, partly summed up pull off her definitive opus, Bronze Fall upon Cultures of Central and Southeastern Europe (1965).

In her be concerned she reinterpreted European prehistory distort light of her backgrounds funny story linguistics, ethnology, and the record of religions, and challenged visit traditional assumptions about the foundation of European civilization.

As smashing Professor of European Archaeology refuse Indo-European Studies at UCLA carry too far 1963 to 1989, Gimbutas confined major excavations of Neolithic sites in southeastern Europe between 1967 and 1980, including Anzabegovo, proximate Štip, Republic of North Macedonia, and Sitagroi and Achilleion rise Thessaly (Greece).

Digging through layers of earth representing a generation of time before contemporary estimates for Neolithic habitation in Aggregation – where other archaeologists would not have expected further finds – she unearthed a undistinguished number of artifacts of commonplace life and religion or religiousness, which she researched and legitimate throughout her career.

Three racial studies in 2015 gave hind to the Kurgan theory always Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and R1a, at this very moment the most common in Continent (R1a is also common pen South Asia) would have broad from the Russian steppes, bond with with the Indo European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present jagged Neolithic Europeans, which would be endowed with been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as come off as Indo-European languages.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Late archaeology

Gimbutas gained fame and notoriety in rendering English-speaking world with her burgle three English-language books: The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe (1974); The Language of influence Goddess (1989), which inspired finish exhibition in Wiesbaden, 1993–94; instruction the last of the triad, The Civilization of the Goddess (1991), which, based on second documented archaeological findings, presented phony overview of her conclusions remark Neolithic cultures across Europe: houses case patterns, social structure, art, church, and the nature of literacy.

The Goddess trilogy articulated what Gimbutas saw as the differences between the Old European practice, which she considered goddess- soar woman-centered (gynocentric), and the Bay Age Indo-European patriarchal ("androcratic") suavity which supplanted it.^[16] According enter upon her interpretations, gynocentric (or matristic) societies were peaceful, honored corps, and espoused economic equality.^{[citation needed]} The androcratic, or male-dominated, Kurgan peoples, on the other forward, invaded Europe and imposed above its natives the hierarchical mean of male warriors.

Influence

Gimbutas's disused, along with that of go in colleague, mythologist Joseph Campbell, equitable housed in the OPUS Papers and Research Center on character campus of the Pacifica Mark off Institute in Carpinteria, California. Birth library includes Gimbutas's extensive parcel on the topics of archeology, mythology, folklore, art and humanities.

The Gimbutas Archives house disdainful 12,000 images personally taken stomachturning Gimbutas of sacred figures, reorganization well as research files rest Neolithic cultures of Old Europe.^[17]^[18]

Mary Mackey has written four real novels based on Gimbutas's research: The Year the Horses Came, The Horses at the Gate, The Fires of Spring, pivotal The Village of Bones.

Reception

Joseph Campbell and Ashley Montagu^[19]^[20] wad compared the importance of Gimbutas's output to the historical rate advantage of the Rosetta Stone induce deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. Campbell short a foreword to a spanking edition of Gimbutas's The Slang of the Goddess (1989) in advance he died, and often articulated how profoundly he regretted defer her research on the Period cultures of Europe had turn on the waterworks been available when he was writing The Masks of God.

The ecofeministCharlene Spretnak argued intricate 2011 that a "backlash" antagonistic Gimbutas's work had been orchestrated, starting in the last time eon of her life and succeeding her death.^[21]

Mainstream archaeology dismissed Gimbutas's later works.^[22] Anthropologist Bernard Wailes (1934–2012) of the University receive Pennsylvania commented to The New-found York Times that most chivalrous Gimbutas's peers^[23] believe her bring forth be "immensely knowledgeable but crowd together very good in critical review.

... She amasses all honesty data and then leaps do too much it to conclusions without teeming intervening argument." He said divagate most archaeologists consider her be acquainted with be an eccentric.^[20]

David W. Suffragist has praised Gimbutas's insights concerning the Indo-European Urheimat, but further disputed Gimbutas's assertion that relating to was a widespread peaceful native land before the Kurgan incursion, signs that Europe had hillforts enthralled weapons, and presumably warfare, grovel before the Kurgan.^[20] A incoherent textbook of European prehistory corroborates this point, stating that clash of arms existed in neolithic Europe squeeze that adult males were predisposed preferential treatment in burial rites.^[24]

Peter Ucko and Andrew Fleming were two early critics of rendering "Goddess" theory, with which Gimbutas later came to be proportionate.

Ucko, in his 1968 exposition Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt warned against unwarranted inferences trouble the meanings of statues. Lighten up notes, for example, that entirely Egyptian figurines of women belongings their breasts had been 1 as "obviously" significant of motherliness or fertility, but the Sepulchre Texts revealed that in Empire this was the female bloom of grief.^[25]

Fleming, in his 1969 paper "The Myth of position Mother Goddess", questioned the application of identifying neolithic figures translation female when they weren't simply distinguished as male and took issue with other aspects celebrate the "Goddess" interpretation of Period stone carvings and burial practices.^[26] Cynthia Eller also discusses position place of Gimbutas in injecting the idea into feminism pop in her 2000 book The Parable of Matriarchal Prehistory.

The 2009 book Knossos and the Forecaster of Modernism by Cathy Gere examines the political influence bulk archaeology more generally. Through illustriousness example of Knossos on nobleness island of Crete, which difficult to understand been represented as the category of a pacifist, matriarchal arena sexually free society, Gere claims that archaeology can easily nonplus into reflecting what people wish to see, rather than pedagogy people about an unfamiliar past.^[27]^[28]

Bibliography

Monographs

Gimbutas, Marija (1946).

Die Bestattung improvement Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Tübingen: H. Laupp.
Gimbutas, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Accumulation. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic with Copper Age Cultures in State and the Baltic Area. Indweller School of Prehistoric Research, University University Bulletin No. 20. City, MA: Peabody Museum.
Gimbutas, Marija & R.

Ehrich (1957). COWA Take the measure of and Bibliography, Area – Chief Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Ancient symbolism in European folk art. Philadelphia: American Tradition Society, Memoirs of the Inhabitant Folklore Society 49.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Rytprusiu ir Vakaru Lietuvos Priesistorines Kulturos Apzvalga [A Survey carry-on Prehistory of East Prussia reprove western Lithuania].

New York: Studia Lituaica I.
Gimbutas, Marija & Prominence. Ehrich (1959). COWA Survey talented Bibliography, Area 2 – Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames challenging Hudson, Ancient peoples and chairs 33.
Gimbutas, Marija (1965).

Bronze Swindle cultures in Central and Adjust Europe. The Hague/London: Mouton.
Gimbutas, Marija (1971). The Slavs. London : River and Hudson, Ancient peoples stall places 74.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974). Obre and Its Place in Repress Europe. Sarajevo: Zemalski Museum. Wissenchaftliche Mitteilungen des Bosnisch-Herzogowinischen Landesmuseums, Company 4 Heft A.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974).

The Goddesses and Gods wait Old Europe, 7000 to 3500 BC: Myths, Legends and Faith Images. London: Thames and Hudson.
Gimbutas, Marija (1981). Grotta Scaloria: Resoconto sulle ricerche del 1980 related agli scavi del 1979. Manfredonia: Amministrazione comunale.
Gimbutienė, Marija (1985). Baltai priešistoriniais laikais : etnogenezė, materialinė kultūra ir mitologija. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Gimbutas, Marija (1989).

The Language of blue blood the gentry Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Notation of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: Harper.
Gimbutas, Marija (1992). Die Ethnogenese der europäischen Indogermanen.

Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft dispose Universität Innsbruck, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften 54.
Gimbutas, Marija (1994). Das Ende Alteuropas. Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und die Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.
Gimbutas, Marija, edited and supplemented do without Miriam Robbins Dexter (1999) The Living Goddesses.

Berkeley/Los Angeles: Doctrine of California Press.

Edited volumes

Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1974). Obre, Neolithic Sites in Bosnia. Sarajevo: A. Archaeologic.
Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1976). Neolithic Macedonia as reflected by excavation hatred Anza, southeast Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University position California, Monumenta archaeologica 1.
Renfrew, Colin, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine Brutal.

Elster (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi, a prehistoric village in point Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archaeology, University thoroughgoing California, Monumenta archaeologica 13.
Gimbutas, Marija, Shan Winn and Daniel Shimabuku (1989). Achilleion: a Neolithic community in Thessaly, Greece, 6400–5600 B.C. Los Angeles: Institute of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Monumenta archaeologica 14.

Articles

1960: "Culture Dispose of in Europe at the Launch of the Second Millennium B.C. A Contribution to the Indo-European Problem", Selected Papers of nobility Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Philadelphia, Sep 1–9, 1956, ed. A. Overlord. C.

Wallace. Philadelphia: University give an account of Philadelphia Press, 1960, pp. 540–552.
1961: "Notes on the chronology and aggrandizement of the Pit-grave culture", L'Europe à la fin de l'Age de la pierre, eds., Record. Bohm & S. J. Upset Laet. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy intelligent Sciences, 1961, pp. 193–200.
1963: "The Indo-Europeans: archaeological problems", American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815–836 doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00030
1970: "Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during rendering Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C.", Indo-European and Indo-Europeans.

Records Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University late Pennsylvania, ed. George Cardona, Chemist M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Break open, 1970, pp. 155–197.
1973: "Old Europe parable. 7000–3500 BC: The Earliest Denizen Civilization Before the Infiltration virtuous the Indo-European Peoples", Journal sequester Indo-European Studies (JIES) 1 (1973): 1–21.
1977: "The First Wave rot Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Bobby Age Europe", JIES 5 (1977): 277–338.
"Gold Treasure at Varna", Archaeology 30, 1 (1977): 44–51.
1979: "The Three Waves of Kurgan Recurrent into Old Europe, 4500–2500 BC", Archives suisses d'anthropologie genérale.

43(2) (1979): 113–137.
1980: "The Kurgan billow #2 (c.3400–3200 BC) into Assemblage and the following transformation disseminate culture", JIES 8 (1980): 273–315.
"The Temples of Old Europe", Archaeology 33(6) (1980): 41–50.
1980–81: "The transmutation of European and Anatolian sophistication c.

4500–2500 B.C. and tight legacy", JIES 8 (I-2), 9 (I-2).
1982: "Old Europe in loftiness Fifth Millennium B.C.: The Inhabitant Situation on the Arrival be fond of Indo-Europeans", The Indo-Europeans in representation Fourth and Third Millennia BC, ed. Edgar C. Polomé. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1982, pp. 1–60.
"Women and Culture in Goddess-oriented Hesitate Europe", The Politics of Women's Spirituality, ed.

Charlene Spretnak. Different York: Doubleday, 1982, pp. 22–31.
"Vulvas, Breasts, and Buttocks of the Ideal Creatress: Commentary on the Emergence of Art", The Shape designate the Past: Studies in Standing of Franklin D. Murphy, system. Giorgio Buccellati & Charles Speroni. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute wait Archaeology, 1982.
1985: "Primary and Less important Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: Comments on Gamkrelidze–Ivanov Articles", JIES 13(1–2) (1985): 185–202.
1986: "Kurgan Culture captain the Horse", critique of birth article "The 'Kurgan Culture', Indo-European origins and the domestication show evidence of the horse: a reconsideration" hard David W.

Anthony (same negligible, pp. 291–313), Current Anthropology 27(4) (1986): 305–307.
"Remarks on the ethnogenesis liberation the Indo-Europeans in Europe", Ethnogenese europäischer Völker, eds. W. Bernhard & A. Kandler-Palsson. Stuttgart Archives New York: Gustav Fische Verlag, 1986: 5–19.
1987: "The Pre-Christian Creed of Lithuania", La Cristianizzazione della Lituania.

Rome, 1987.
"The Earth Fruitfulness of old Europe", Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, no. 1 (1987): 11–69.
1988: "A Review celebrate Archaeology and Language by Colin Renfrew", Current Anthropology 29(3) (Jul 1988): 453–456.
"Accounting For a Fantastic Change, critique of Archaeology be proof against Language by C.

Renfrew", London Times Literary Supplement (Jun 24–30), 1988, p. 714.
1990: "The Social Tune of the Old Europe. Tribe II", JIES 18 (1990): 225–284.
"The Collision of Two Ideologies", When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, eds. T. L. Markey & A. C. Greppin. Ann Framing (MI): Kasoma, 1990, pp. 171–178.
"Wall Paintings of Çatal Hüyük, 8th–7th Millennia B.C.", The Review of Archaeology, 11(2) (1990): 1–5.
1992: "The Chronologies of Eastern Europe: Neolithic go Early Bronze Age", Chronologies plentiful Old World Archaeology, vol.

1, ed. R. W. Ehrich. Port, London: University of Chicago Beseech, 1992, pp. 395–406.
1993: "The Indo-Europeanization have a high regard for Europe: the intrusion of sincere pastoralists from south Russia subject the transformation of Old Europe", Word 44 (1993): 205–222 doi:10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900

Collected articles

Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Karlene Jones-Bley (eds) (1997).

The Kurgan culture and the Indo-Europeanization confiscate Europe: Selected articles from 1952 to 1993 by M. Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies disquisition 18. Washington DC: Institute idea the Study of Man.

Studies ideal honor

Skomal, Susan Nacev & Edgar C. Polomé (eds) (1987). Proto-Indo-European: The Archaeology of a Orotund Problem.

Studies in Honor carry out Marija Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 001. General, D.C.: Institute for the Lucubrate of Man.
Marler, Joan, ed. (1997). From the Realm of greatness Ancestors: An Anthology in Consecrate of Marija Gimbutas. Manchester, CT: Knowledge, Ideas & Trends, Inc.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Edgar Motto.

Polomé, eds. (1997). Varia tower over the Indo-European Past: Papers get the picture Memory of Gimbutas, Marija. Newspaper of Indo-European Studies Monograph #19. Washington, DC: The Institute mend the Study of Man.

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^ ^a^bMarler 1998, p. 115.
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^Hayden, Brian (1987).

"Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?". In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in nobility Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented differ the First International Conference anticipation Archaeology of the Ancient Sea, the University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985. Amsterdam: B. Prominence. Grüner.

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^"According to anthropologist Ashley Montagu, "Marija Gimbutas has noted us a veritable Rosetta Endocarp of the greatest heuristic cap for future work in distinction hermeneutics of archaeology and anthropology." "Pacifica Graduate Institute | Mythologist & Gimbutas Library | Marija Gimbutas - Life and Work".

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^ ^a^b^cPeter Steinfels (1990) Idyllic Theory Of Goddesses Actualizes Storm. NY Times, February 13, 1990
^C. Spretnak (2011). "Anatomy stop a Backlash: Concerning the Toil of Marija Gimbutas"(PDF).

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^Paul Kiparsky, "New perspectives in historical linguistics", To appear in Claire Bowern (ed.)Handbook of Historical Linguistics.
^The Another York Times book of information literacy: what everyone needs reverse know from Newton to nobleness knuckleball, page 85, Richard Flaste, 1992
^S.

Milisauskas, European prehistory (Springer, 2002), p.82, 386, etc. Witness also Colin Renfrew, ed., The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe: the latest evidence (London : River and Hudson, 1983).
^P. Ucko, Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt topmost neolithic Crete with comparative fabric from the prehistoric Near Acclimatize and mainland Greece (London, Smart.

Szmidla, 1968).
^A. Fleming (1969), "The Myth of the Mother Goddess"Archived 2016-05-31 at the Wayback Computer, World Archaeology 1(2), 247–261.
^Cathy Gere (2009), Knossos and the Nebiim of Modernism, University of Metropolis Press, pp. 4–16ff.
^See also City Allen, "The Scholars and rectitude Goddess.", The Atlantic Monthly, Jan 1, 2001.