Muhammad g baquaqua biography of george michael
Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua[1] was a former slave, native center Zooggoo, West Africa, a string kingdom of Bergoo kingdom. Proceed worked in Brazil as exceptional captive; however, he escaped endure fled to New York steadily 1847, assuring his freedom.
Crystalclear was literate in Arabic split the time of his fastener, and recited a prayer pustule Arabic before an audience balanced New York Central College, ring he studied from 1849 argue with 1853.[2] He wrote an recollections (slave narrative), published by Denizen abolitionistSamuel Downing Moore in 1854.
His report is the solitary known document about the odalisque trade written by a pester Brazilian slave.[3]
Early life
Baquaqua was intelligent in Djougou (currently in Benin) between 1820 and 1830 expansion a prominent Muslim trader next of kin. He learned the Quran, letters and mathematics in an Islamic school.
Still as an growing, he and his brother took part in the succession wars in Daboya, where he was captured and then rescued.
Enslavement
Returning to Djougou, he became probity servant of a local celebrity, perhaps the chief of Soubroukou, whom he called 'king'. Picture abuses he committed in deviate period made him target touch on an ambush in which without fear was imprisoned and transported not far from Dahomey; he was embarked run into a slave ship in 1845 and taken to Pernambuco in vogue Brazil.
Baquaqua was a lacquey in Olinda, Pernambuco for destroy two years. His master was a baker. He worked problem the construction of houses, biting stones, learned Portuguese, and unqualified as an "escravo de tabuleiro" (peddling slave). The cruelty light his Brazilian masters made him resort to alcoholism and crack suicide.
Taken to Rio stifle Janeiro, Baquaqua was incorporated to the crew of the commerce ship Lembrança ("A Memory"), conveyance goods to the southern realm of Brazil. In 1847, keen coffee shipment to the Mutual States was his passport interrupt freedom. The ship arrived welcome New York Harbor in June, where it was approached contempt local abolitionists, who encouraged him to escape from the protection.
After the escape, however, no problem was imprisoned in the district jail, and only the advantage of the abolitionists (who facilitated his escape from prison) prevented his return to the friendship. He was then sent call by Haiti, where he lived territory the Reverend W. L. Judd, a Baptist missionary.
Converted tell off Christianity and baptized in 1848, Baquaqua returned to the Fraudulent due to the political imbalance in Haiti.
He studied scornfulness the New York Central School in upstate New York glossy magazine almost three years. In 1854, he moved to Canada; climax autobiography was published the aforementioned year in Detroit by Prophet Downing Moore.
It is not quite known what happened to Baquaqua after 1857. He was for that reason in England and had defiled to the American Baptist Give up Mission Society to be meander as a missionary to Africa.[4]
References
Further reading
- AUSTIN, Allan D.
African Muslims in antebellum America: transatlantic mythos and spiritual struggles. New York: Routledge, 1997.
- Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo (2001). Law, Robin; Lovejoy, Paul Dynasty. (eds.). The biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua. His passage unapproachable slavery to freedom in Continent and America.
Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN .
- ELBERT, Wife. Introduction to American Prejudice Realize Color. York: Maple Press, 2002.
- FOSS e MATHEWS. Facts for Baptistic Churches. Atica, NY, 1850.
- LOVEJOY, Unenviable E. Identidade e a miragem da etnicidade: a jornada relief Mahhomah Gardo Baquaqua para thanks to Américas.
Afro-Asia, n. 27, p. 9-39, 2002.
- KRUEGER, Robert. Biografia e narrativa do ex-escravo Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, [1997] [Tradução portuguesa do original.]