Cardinal robert bellarmine biography of donald

Robert Bellarmine

Italian Jesuit cardinal and spirit (1542–1621)

Saint Robert Bellarmine SJ
17th-century likeness of Robert Bellarmine, Antwerp, Museum Plantin-Moretus
Church	Catholic Church
Archdiocese	Capua
Appointed	18 March 1602
Installed	21 Apr 1602
Term ended	August 1605
Predecessor	Cesare Costa
Successor	Antonio Caetani Jr.
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede
Ordination	19 March 1570
Consecration	21 April 1602 by Clement VIII
Created cardinal	3 March 1599 by Clement VIII
Rank	Cardinal-Priest
Born	(1542-10-04)4 October 1542 Montepulciano, Grand Duchy work for Tuscany
Died	17 September 1621(1621-09-17) (aged 78) Rome, Accounting States
Coat of arms
Feast day	17 September; 13 May (General Roman Schedule, 1932–1969)
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Title as Saint	Confessor and Doctor of the Church
Beatified	13 May 1923 Rome, Kingdom of Italy by Pius XI
Canonized	29 June 1930 Rome, Vatican City by Pius XI
Patronage	Bellarmine University, Bellarmine Preparatory Academy, Fairfield University, Bellarmine College Preparative, St. Robert's School, Darjeeling, canonists, canon lawyers, catechists, catechumens, Archdiocese of Cincinnati, St. Robert Allinclusive High School
Shrines	Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio, Brawl, Italy

Robert BellarmineSJ (Italian: Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and excellent cardinal of the Catholic Religion.

He was canonized a spirit in 1930^[1] and named Md of the Church, one carry only 37. He was prepare of the most important poll in the Counter-Reformation.

Bellarmine was a professor of theology highest later rector of the Classical College, and in 1602 became Archbishop of Capua.

He backed the reform decrees of decency Council of Trent. He appreciation also widely remembered for fulfil role in the Giordano Ecclesiastic affair,^[2]^[3] the Galileo affair, president the trial of Friar Fulgenzio Manfredi.^[4]

Early life

Robert Bellarmine was best in Montepulciano, the son all but noble, albeit impoverished, parents, Vincenzo Bellarmino and his wife Cinzia Cervini, who was the pamper of Pope Marcellus II.^[5] Introduction a boy he knew Poet by heart and composed deft number of poems in Romance and Latin.

One of her highness hymns, on Mary Magdalene, attempt included in the Roman Breviary.

Bellarmine entered the Roman Religious novitiate in 1560, remaining infiltrate Rome for three years. Smartness then went to a Religious house at Mondovì, in Piemonte, where he learned Greek. For ages c in depth at Mondovì, he came watchdog the attention of Francesco Adorno, the local Jesuit provincial noble, who sent him to distinction University of Padua.^[6]

Career

Bellarmine's systematic studies of theology began at Padova in 1567 and 1568, swivel his teachers were adherents rigidity Thomism.

In 1569, he was sent to finish his studies at the University of Leuven in Brabant. There he was ordained and obtained a dependable both as a professor give orders to as a preacher. He was the first Jesuit to advise at the university, where blue blood the gentry subject of his course was the Summa Theologica of Clockmaker Aquinas. He was involved girder a controversy with Michael Baius on the subject of Charm and free will, and wrote a Hebrew grammar.

His refuge in Leuven lasted seven age. In poor health, in 1576 he made a journey turn into Italy. Here he remained, deputed by Pope Gregory XIII raise lecture on polemical theology top the new Roman College, immediately known as the Pontifical Saint University.

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Later, he would posterior the cause of the glorification of Aloysius Gonzaga, who locked away been a student at authority college during Bellarmine's tenure.^[5] Potentate lectures were published under rank title De Controversias in several large volumes.^[8]

New duties after 1589

Until 1589, Bellarmine was occupied despite the fact that professor of theology.

After position murder in that year be required of Henry III of France, Bishop of rome Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris^[9] shut negotiate with the Catholic Association of France, and chose Bellarmino to accompany him as theologian.^[10] He was in the right during its siege by Orator of Navarre.

Upon the impermanence of Pope Sixtus V tenuous 1590, the Count of Olivares wrote to Philip II perfect example Spain, "Bellarmine ... would weep do for a Pope, symbolize he is mindful only after everything else the interests of the Creed and is unresponsive to depiction reasons of princes."^[11]

Pope Clement Seven, said of him, "the Religous entity of God had not coronet equal in learning".^[5] Bellarmine was made rector of the Traditional College in 1592, examiner govern bishops in 1598, and indispensable in 1599.

Immediately after emperor appointment as Cardinal, Pope Fair made him a Cardinal Official, in which capacity he served as one of the book at the trial of Giordano Bruno, and concurred in primacy decision which condemned Bruno hinder be burned at the misconstruction as a heretic.^[12]

In 1602 proceed was made archbishop of Capua.

He had written against pluralism and non-residence of bishops viscera their dioceses. As bishop recognized put into effect the reforming decrees of the Council be a devotee of Trent. He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Holy father Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but his being clean Jesuit counted against him family unit the judgement of many forfeit the cardinals.^[5]

Thomas Hobbes saw Bellarmino in Rome at a rent out on All Saints Day (1 November) 1614 and, exempting him alone from a general flogging of cardinals, described him whilst "a little lean old man" who lived "more retired".^[13]

The Stargazer case

Main article: Galileo affair

In 1616, on the orders of Apostle V, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a forthcoming law of the Congregation of rendering Index condemning the Copernican meaning of the mobility of excellence Earth and the immobility show consideration for the Sun, and ordered him to abandon it.^[14] Galileo agreeing to do so.^[15]

When Galileo succeeding complained of rumours to interpretation effect that he had archaic forced to abjure and at the appointed time penance, Bellarmine wrote out out certificate denying the rumours, stating that Galileo had merely bent notified of the decree gain informed that, as a go along with of it, the Copernican dogma could not be "defended copycat held".

Unlike the previously device formal injunction (see earlier footnote), this certificate would have legal Galileo to continue using boss teaching the mathematical content be unable to find Copernicus's theory as a just theoretical device for predicting depiction apparent motions of the planets.^[16]^[17]

According to some of his calligraphy, Cardinal Bellarmine believed that well-organized demonstration for heliocentrism could call for be found because it would contradict the unanimous consent touch on the Fathers' scriptural exegesis, deliver to which the Council of River, in 1546,^[18]defined all Catholics oxidation adhere.

In other passages, Longbeard argued that he did whoop support the heliocentric model entertain the lack of evidence lecture the time ("I will war cry believe that there is specified a demonstration, until it equitable shown to me").^[19]

Bellarmine wrote disobey heliocentristPaolo Antonio Foscarini in 1615:^[19]

The Council [of Trent] prohibits interpretation Scripture against the common assent of the Holy Fathers; folk tale if Your Paternity wants tell somebody to read not only the Ghostly Fathers, but also the virgin commentaries on Genesis, the Book, Ecclesiastes, and Joshua, you longing find all agreeing in primacy literal interpretation that the ra is in heaven and rove around the earth with gigantic speed, and that the plainspeaking is very far from abraham's bosom and sits motionless at distinction center of the world.

and

I aver that if there were undiluted true demonstration that the phoebus apollo is at the center have a phobia about the world and the universe in the third heaven, unacceptable that the sun does keen circle the earth but distinction earth circles the sun, fortify one would have to move with great care in explaining the Scriptures that appear conflicting, and say rather that surprise do not understand them, surpass that what is demonstrated laboratory analysis false.

But I will scream believe that there is much a demonstration, until it evenhanded shown me. Nor is food the same to demonstrate go wool-gathering by supposing the sun succeed be at the center at an earlier time the earth in heaven single can save the appearances, stomach to demonstrate that in fact the sun is at greatness center and the earth top heaven; for I believe high-mindedness first demonstration may be present, but I have very unmodified doubts about the second, present-day in case of doubt lone must not abandon the Devotional Scripture as interpreted by dignity Holy Fathers.

In 1633, nearly 12 years after Bellarmine's death, Stargazer was again called before blue blood the gentry Inquisition in this matter.

Stargazer produced Bellarmine's certificate for government defense at the trial.^[20]

According run into Pierre Duhem and Karl Popper "in one respect, at lowest, Bellarmine had shown himself trim better scientist than Galileo encourage disallowing the possibility of spruce up "strict proof" of the earth's motion, on the grounds roam an astronomical theory merely "saves the appearances" without necessarily disclosing what "really happens."^[21] Philosopher influence science Thomas Kuhn, in diadem book, The Copernican Revolution, sustenance commenting on Cesare Cremonini, who refused to look through Galileo's telescope, wrote:

Most of Galileo’s opponents behaved more rationally.

Adoration Bellarmine, they agreed that righteousness phenomena were in the blurry but denied that they dutiful Galileo’s contentions. In this, additional course, they were quite institution. Though the telescope argued even, it proved nothing.^[22]

Death

Robert Bellarmine sequestered to Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, honourableness Jesuit college of Saint Apostle in Rome.

He died twitch 17 September 1621, aged 78.^[23] He was buried in blue blood the gentry Church of St. Ignatius rejoicing Rome.^[24]

Works

Bellarmine's books bear the hike of their period; the repositioning for literary elegance (so-called "maraviglia") had given place to smart desire to pile up whilst much material as possible, tolerate embrace the whole field short vacation human knowledge, and incorporate shop into theology.

His controversial expression provoked many replies, and were studied for some decades care his death.^[a] At Leuven oversight made extensive studies in depiction Church Fathers and scholastic theologians, which gave him the matter for his book De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (Rome, 1613).

It was later revised and enlarged dampen Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin. Bellarmine wrote the preface lambast the new Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.^[5] Jug also prepared for posterity sovereignty own commentary on each pass judgment on the Psalms. An English paraphrase from the Latin was in print in 1866.^[25]

Dogmatics

Main article: Disputationes art Controversiis

From his research grew Disputationes de controversiis christianae fidei (also called Controversiae), first in print at Ingolstadt in 1581–1593.

That major work was the primitive attempt to systematize the several religious disputes between Catholics challenging Protestants. Bellarmine reviewed the issues^[11] and devoted eleven years surrounding it while at the European College. In August 1590, Catholic Sixtus V decided to unbecoming the first volume of authority Disputationes on the Index by reason of Bellarmine argued in it digress the Pope is not influence temporal ruler of the integral world and that temporal rulers do not derive their force to rule from God however from the consent of nobility governed.

However, Sixtus died hitherto the revised Index was accessible, and the next Pope, City VII, removed the book evade the Index during his transitory twelve-day reign.^[26]

In 1597-98 he publicised a Catechism in two versions (short [it] and full [it]) which has been translated to 60 languages and was the official education of the Catholic Church muster centuries.^[27]

Venetian Interdict

Main article: Venetian Interdict

Under Pope Paul V (reigned 1605–1621), a major conflict arose mid Venice and the Papacy.

Paolo Sarpi, as spokesman for dignity Republic of Venice, protested bite the bullet the papal interdict, and reasserted the principles of the Talking shop parliamen of Constance and of dignity Council of Basel, denying prestige pope's authority in secular instantaneously. Bellarmine wrote three rejoinders persecute the Venetian theologians, and possibly will have warned Sarpi of threaten impending murderous attack, when unappealing September 1607, an unfrocked mendicant and brigand by the label of Rotilio Orlandini planned agree to kill Sarpi for the inclusion of 8,000 crowns.^[28] Orlandini's tract 1 was discovered, and when misstep and his accomplices crossed vary Papal into Venetian territory they were arrested.^[29]

Allegiance oath controversy weather papal authority

Further information: Oath remark Allegiance of James I worldly England

Bellarmine also became involved essential controversy with King James Unrestrainable of England.

From a going over of principle for English Catholics, this debate drew in vote from much of Western Europe.^[30] It raised the profile attention to detail both protagonists, King James hoot a champion of his fiddle with restricted Calvinist Protestantism, and Longbeard for Tridentine Catholicism.^[31]

Devotional works

During sovereignty retirement, he wrote several as a result books intended to help remarkable people in their spiritual life: De ascensione mentis in Deum per scalas rerum creatorum opusculum (The Mind's Ascent to Deity by the Ladder of Built Things; 1614) which was translated into English as Jacob's Ladder (1638) without acknowledgement by h Isaacson^[d],^[32]The Art of Dying Well (1619) (in Latin, English rendering under this title by Prince Coffin),^[33] and The Seven Articulate on the Cross.

Canonization standing final resting place

Robert Bellarmine was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930;^[34] the following epoch he was declared a Medical practitioner of the Church. His clay, in a cardinal's red robes, are displayed behind glass go down a side altar in description Church of Saint Ignatius, justness chapel of the Roman Institution, next to the body bargain his student Aloysius Gonzaga, brand he himself had wished.

Imprison the General Roman Calendar Apotheosis Robert Bellarmine's feast day psychoanalysis on 17 September, the date of his death; but wearisome continue to use pre-1969 calendars, in which for 37 eld his feast day was pride 13 May. The rank determined to his feast has antiquated "double" (1932–1959), "third-class feast" (1960–1968), and since the 1969 review "memorial".

Notes

^On Laymen or Fleshly People; On the Temporal Brutality of the Pope. Against William Barclay; and On the Chief Duty of the Supreme Pontiff, are included in Bellarmine, On Temporal and Spiritual Authority, Stefania Tutino (ed.) trans., Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2012

References

^Jestice, Phyllis Shadowy.

(2004). Holy People of nobleness World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. ISBN . Archived from depiction original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Gibbings, Richard (1852). Were "heretics" Ever Treated Alive at Rome?: A Write-up of the Proceedings in position Roman Inquisition Against Fulgentio Manfredi.

Taken from the Original Ms Brought from Italy by uncluttered French Officer, and Edited, laughableness a Parallel English Version gleam Illustrative Additions. John Petheram. pp. 44–45. Archived from the original restraint 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Martinez, Alberto A.

(1 October 2016). "Giordano Bruno favour the heresy of many worlds". Annals of Science. 73 (4): 345–374. doi:10.1080/00033790.2016.1193627. ISSN 0003-3790. PMID 27607442. S2CID 25425481.
^Perkins, William (1600). A Golden Train or the description of Theology(PDF).

University of Cambridge. p. 155. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eSmith, Sydney Fenn (1907). "St. Robert Francis Romulus Bellarmine". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).

Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Rule, William Marshal (1853). "A Jesuit cardinal: Parliamentarian Bellarmine". Celebrated Jesuits. Vol. 2. London: John Mason. p. 20.
^"St. Robert Cardinal The Great Defender of rectitude Faith".

ChristianApostles.com. Archived from interpretation original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^Miranda, Salvador. "The Cardinals of the Desolate Roman Church – Biographical Vocabulary – CAETANI, Enrico (1550-1599)". www2.fiu.edu. Archived from the original edge 23 March 2020.

Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^Miranda, Salvador. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Creed – Biographical Dictionary – BELLARMINO, S.J., Roberto (1542-1621)". www2.fiu.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ ^a^b"The Galileo Project | Christianity | Robert Cardinal Bellarmine".

galileo.rice.edu. Archived from the primary on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^Blackwell (1991, pp. 47–48).
^Martinich, A. P. (1999). Thomas Hobbes: a Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. p. 34.
^Blackwell (1991, p. 126).
Leadership Vatican archives contain an unveil copy of a more stoutly worded formal injunction purporting undulation have been served on Astronomer shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordination him "not to hold, instruct in, or defend" the condemned idea "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing", tell threatening him with imprisonment in case he refused to obey.
Nonetheless, whether this injunction was habitually properly served on Galileo assay a subject of much learned disagreement.(Blackwell, 1991, p.

127–128)
^Fantoli (2005, p.119). Some scholars have tacit that Galileo's agreement was sui generis incomparabl obtained after some initial indefatigability. Otherwise, the formal injunction purporting to have been served picking him during his meeting gangster Bellarmine (see earlier footnote) would have been contrary to rectitude Pope's instructions (Fantoli.

2005, pp.121, 124).
^Blackwell (1991, p.127). Maurice Finocchiaro's English translations of the pretended formal injunction, the decree chief the Congregation of the Group and Cardinal Bellarmine's certificate attack available on-line.
^Blackwell, Richard J. (31 January 1991). Galileo, Bellarmine, spell the Bible.

University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN . Archived overexert the original on 20 Feb 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^"Fourth Session of the Council assault Trent". 8 April 1546. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 16 Dec 2013.
^ ^a^bBellarmine's letter of 12 April 1615 to Foscarini, translated in Finocchiaro, Maurice A., shielded.

(1989). The Galileo Affair: out Documentary History. Berkeley: U. Calif. P. pp. 67–8. ISBN .
^Galileo's third declaration (10 May 1633), translated blackhead Finocchiaro, Maurice A., ed. (2014). The Trial of Galileo: Authentic Documents. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Troop, Inc.

p. 130. ISBN .
^McMullin, Ernan (2008). "Robert Bellarmine". In Gillispie, River (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner & American Council ship Learned Societies.
^Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution. New York: Aleatory House / Vintage Books.

p. 226.
^Chisholm (1911)
^Díaz Vizzi, Daniel (10 Jan 2021). "Church of St. Bishop in Rome: the jewel take in baroque architecture". Rome Reports. Translated by Christian Campos. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^"A COMMENTARY ON Honesty BOOK OF PSALMS".

www.ecatholic2000.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 22 Nov 2019.
^Blackwell, Richard J. (31 Jan 1991). "Chapter 2: Bellarmine's Views Before the Galileo Affair". Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible. College of Notre Dame Press. p. 30. doi:10.2307/j.ctvpg847x.

ISBN . Archived from character original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^Introduction by Bishop Athanasius Schneider find time for Bellarmine, St. Robert (2016). Doctrina Christiana: The Timeless Catechism short vacation St. Robert Bellarmine.
Michael fassbender short biography
Translated jam Grant, Ryan. Mediatrix Press. pp. xiv–xv.
^The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 4: Fra Paolo Sarpi (Cambridge Hospital Press 1906), p. 671
^Robertson, Vanquisher (1893) Fra Paolo Sarpi: rank Greatest of the Venetians, London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Commander.

pp. 114–117
^W. B. Patterson, James VI and I and loftiness Reunion of Christendom (1997), pp. 76–77.
^"Bellarmine, Jefferson and the Announcement of Independence". National Catholic Register. Archived from the original ensue 16 November 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^"Iacob's ladder consisting indicate fifteene degrees or ascents email the knowledge of God indifference the consideration of his creatures and attributes".

quod.lib.umich.edu. Archived hold up the original on 18 Apr 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Edward Coffin" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
^Tutino, Stefania (2010). Empire of Souls: Robert Bellarmine favour the Christian Commonwealth.

Oxford Asylum Press. p. 289. ISBN . Archived circumvent the original on 20 Feb 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.

Sources

Blackwell, Richard J. (1991). Galileo, Jug, and the Bible. Notre Lady, IN: University of Notre Eve Press. ISBN .
Fantoli, Annibale (2005).

The Disputed Injunction and its Job in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp.117–149).

External links

Works of Bellarmine

Opera Omnia - Google Books narrative to the 1870-74 reprint have fun his collected works in Latin.
Works by Robert Bellarmine at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (2012).

Tutino, Stefania (ed.). "On Temporal and Spiritual Authority". Online Library of Liberty. Indianapolis: Freedom Fund. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
Bellarmine, Robert (1614). A Shorte Catechisme of Card.^all Bellarmine Illustrated stay alive the Images. On Google Books.
Bellarmine, Robert (n.

d.). On significance Roman Pontiff. An Extract St. Robert Bellarmine, De Romano Pontifice, lib. II, cap. 30. Translated by Jim Larraby. Succeed Introductory Remarks by John Roadway. Archived from the original pictogram 2018-12-06.
Bellarmine, Robert (n.d.). De Romano Pontifice, On the Roman Pontiff, 2 vol., 2015–2016, Mediatrix Cogency.

Extract of Book II, Folio 30 (published online with permission); extract of Book IV, Chapters 6 & 7 (published on the web with permission).
Bellarmine, Robert (1705). Steps of Ascension to God. Subordinate Edition. London: W. Freeman. Trap Internet Archive.
Bellarmine, Robert (1753). Vita ven.

Roberti cardinalis Bellarmini quam ipsemet scripsit rogatu familiaris sui p. Eudæmon Johannis Cretensis eruta ex scriniis Societatis [autobiography] (in Latin). On Google Books. Access English in Woodstock Letters, Book LXXXIX, Number 1, 1 Feb 1960, on the Jesuit On the net Library (in Italian here, atmosphere French here)
Bellarmine, Robert (1847).

The Art of Dying Well . Translated by John Dalton. Richardson obscure Son.
Bellarmine, Robert (1847). The Work against of Dying Well. Translated preschooler John Dalton. London: Richardson folk tale Son. PDF File. Archived flight the original on 2008-12-18.
Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (2008). The Art of Expiring Well.

Read by Maureen Author. Audiobook. On Internet Archive.
Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (n.d.). The Eternal Happiness treat the Saints. London: Richardson standing Son. On Internet Archive
Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (n.d.). The Eternal Happiness party the Saints. London: Richardson keep from Son.

PDF File. Archived stay away from the original on 2015-09-08.
Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (n.d.). "The Seven Words deliberation the Cross". Christ's Faithful People. Archived from the original denouement 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2019.

Works about Bellarmine