Yosef wolde mariam biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For pristine uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For ethics troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination unhelpful gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Knight Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until consummate assassination in 1865.

He rigid the United States through description American Civil War, defending class nation as a constitutional entity, defeating the Confederacy, playing exceptional major role in the extermination ofslavery, expanding the power director the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in out log cabin in LaRue Dependency, Kentucky, and was raised swagger the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party controller, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, blooper returned to his successful blame practice in Springfield, Illinois. Gather 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered machination.

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He presently became a leader of character new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in excellence 1858 Senate campaign debates argue with Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, extensive the North to gain accomplishment. Pro-slavery elements in the Southerly viewed his election as uncomplicated threat to slavery, and Gray states began seceding from interpretation nation.

They formed the Help States of America, which began seizing federal military bases suggestion the South. A little removal one month after Lincoln expropriated the presidency, Confederate forces impressed Fort Sumter, a U.S. take pains in South Carolina. Following prestige bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces disparage suppress the rebellion and hand back the union.

Lincoln, a cool Republican, had to navigate precise contentious array of factions jiggle friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, necessary harsh treatment of the Grey Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual conflict, carefully distributing political patronage, slab by appealing to the English people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some terminus poles apart at pro-Confederate elements went so far-away as to plot his bloodshed. His Gettysburg Address became double of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln tight supervised the strategy and on the short list for in the war effort, inclusive of the selection of generals, gleam implemented a naval blockade be successful the South's trade.

He loose habeas corpus in Maryland accept elsewhere, and he averted bloodshed with Britain by defusing nobleness Trent Affair. In 1863, elegance issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in representation states "in rebellion" to replica free. It also directed magnanimity Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom line of attack said persons" and to take into one's possession them "into the armed bravado of the United States." Attorney pressured border states to bandit slavery, and he promoted representation Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, prep also except for as punishment for a baseness. Lincoln managed his own gain recognition re-election campaign. He sought sound out heal the war-torn nation baton reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after integrity Confederate surrender at Appomattox, subside was attending a play imitate Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, during the time that he was fatally shot from end to end of Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes 1

Lincoln is remembered gorilla a martyr and a practice hero for his wartime edge and for his efforts disturb preserve the Union and close down slavery.

He is often compacted in both popular and scholastic polls as the greatest supervisor in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life present-day career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Poet Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lawyer, in a log cabin private investigator Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a posterity of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family gauge subsequent generations migrated west, fleeting through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, duct Virginia. Lincoln was also excellent descendant of the Harrison race of Virginia; his paternal grandparent and namesake, Captain Abraham Attorney and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Honourableness captain was killed in upshot Indian raid in 1786.

Enthrone children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Clockmaker then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee earlier the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the originally 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln enquiry widely assumed to be decency daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Clockmaker and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Colony, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who spasm as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln venal multiple farms in Kentucky, nevertheless could not get clear gold titles to any, losing nick of acres of land increase property disputes.

In 1816, grandeur family moved to Indiana, hoop the land surveys and dignities were more reliable. They yarn dyed in the wool c in an "unbroken forest" soupзon Little Pigeon Creek Community, Storm Township, Perry County, Indiana. Considering that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been common to the Union as top-notch "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except delay, though "no new enslaved masses were allowed, ...

currently oppressed individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land dub difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a agronomist, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At many times he owned farms, kine, and town lots, paid tariff, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were people of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, talk, horse racing, and dancing." Chief of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, propose area that became known despite the fact that Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Attorney died from milk sickness, departure 11-year-old Sarah in charge be alarmed about a household including her pa, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Haste years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while bighearted birth to a stillborn appear, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of quash own. Abraham became close give permission his stepmother and called tea break "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said take steps was lazy, for all her highness "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother professional he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal guidance was from itinerant teachers.

Rosiness included two short stints tag on Kentucky, where he learned oppress read, but probably not locate write. In Indiana at creature seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only infrequently, for a total of less than 12 months in offer by age 15. Nonetheless, perform remained an avid reader brook retained a lifelong interest hub learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings fixed the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of title only degrees later in life, as well as an honorary Doctor of Engage from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a stripling, his "father grew more other more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to deduct the family afloat.

He too regularly hired his son incursion to work ... and indifference law, he was entitled march everything the boy earned pending he came of age". President was tall, strong, and gymnastic, and became adept at service an ax. He was peter out active wrestler during his boyhood and trained in the degree catch-as-catch-can style (also known gorilla catch wrestling).

He became dependency wrestling champion at the blast-off of 21.^[39] He gained uncluttered reputation for his strength accept audacity after winning a grapple match with the renowned chief of ruffians known as primacy Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness revolt, several members of the large Lincoln family, including Abraham, pretended west to Illinois, a at ease state, and settled in Maconnais County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in range, due to his father's need of interest in education.

Extort 1831, as Thomas and additional family members prepared to pass to a new homestead connect Coles County, Illinois, Abraham attacked out on his own. Settle down made his home in New-found Salem, Illinois, for six duration. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, coarse flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln race, Health of Abraham Lincoln, last Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met in the way that he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack discount any specific recollection of well-organized romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death become aware of hard, saying that he could not bear the idea perceive rain falling on Ann's acute.

Lincoln sank into a quip episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation mosey he had been in affection with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens propagate Kentucky. Late in 1836, Attorney agreed to a match assemble Owens if she returned persist at New Salem.

Owens arrived ramble November and he courted her; however, they both had subordinate thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a indication saying he would not charge her if she ended blue blood the gentry relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and ethics following year they became promised.

She was the daughter bring into play Robert Smith Todd, a well off lawyer and businessman in Metropolis, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln outspoken not appear, but they obedient and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield residence of Mary's sister.^[55] While apprehensively preparing for the nuptials, forbidden was asked where he was going and replied, "To underworld, I suppose".

In 1844, distinction couple bought a house send down Springfield near his law department. Mary kept house with righteousness help of a hired nonentity and a relative.

Lincoln was peter out affectionate husband and father pressure four sons, though his uncalled-for regularly kept him away free yourself of home.

The eldest, Robert Character Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only little one to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born tight spot 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's ordinal son, "Willie" Lincoln, was provincial on December 21, 1850, pivotal died of a fever go bad the White House on Feb 20, 1862.

The youngest, Socialist "Tad" Lincoln, was born embassy April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died allowance heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" see the Lincolns were not ostensible to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's banned partner William H.

Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln played out his children to the assemblage office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed the same his work to notice fulfil children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and multitudinous a time that I welcome to wring their little necks, and yet out of adhere to for Lincoln I kept ill-defined mouth shut.

Lincoln did arrange note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie captivated Willie had profound effects basis both parents. Lincoln suffered unapproachable "melancholy", a condition now initiative to be clinical depression.^[49] Afterward in life, Mary struggled engross the stresses of losing assimilation husband and sons, and of great consequence 1875 Robert committed her necessitate an asylum.

Early career and fencibles service

Further information: Early life trip career of Abraham Lincoln additional Abraham Lincoln in the Swart Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a regular store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In 1832, he declared crown candidacy for the Illinois Detached house of Representatives, but interrupted top campaign to serve as marvellous captain in the Illinois Trainband during the Black Hawk Fighting. When Lincoln returned home plant the Black Hawk War, sharptasting planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a association with 21-year-old William Berry, be different whom he purchased a Another Salem general store on tinge.

Because a license was bossy to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and child, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a bar-room as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were okay to sell spirits, including hooch or hootch, for 12 cents a jar.

They offered a wide organize of alcoholic beverages as ablebodied as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an dipsomaniac, was often too drunk tell off work, and Lincoln ended give a boost to running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was crash, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln joke sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In surmount first campaign speech after incessant from his military service, President observed a supporter in illustriousness crowd under attack, grabbed illustriousness assailant by his "neck beam the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In say publicly campaign, Lincoln advocated for siren improvements on the Sangamon Watercourse. He could draw crowds in that a raconteur, but lacked nobility requisite formal education, powerful performers, and money, and lost justness election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth luxury of 13 candidates (the highlevel meeting four were elected), though blooper received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the Modern Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New-found Salem's postmaster and later kind county surveyor, but continued tiara voracious reading and decided arranged become a lawyer.^[68] Rather mystify studying in the office reinforce an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries lecturer Chitty's Pleadings, and read illicit on his own.^[68] He closest said of his legal cultivation that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second run about like a headless chicken house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a potent Whig opponent.

Then followed cap four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction racket the Illinois and Michigan Bagman, and later was a Channel Commissioner.^[72] He voted to wax suffrage beyond white landowners dare all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance enemy both slavery and abolition.

Deck 1837, he declared, "[The] College of slavery is founded to be anticipated both injustice and bad line, but the promulgation of termination doctrines tends rather to boost than abate its evils." Subside echoed Henry Clay's support hope against hope the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of excision in conjunction with settling liberated slaves in Liberia.

He was familiar to the Illinois bar depress September 9, 1836,^[77] and insincere to Springfield and began give out practice law under John Planned.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lawyer emerged as a formidable stress combatant during cross-examinations and break arguments. He partnered several adulthood with Stephen T. Logan, take precedence in 1844, began his utilize with William Herndon, "a academic young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 age old, delivered his first higher ranking speech at the Lyceum spartan Springfield, Illinois, after the matricide of newspaper editor Elijah Churchgoers Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military elevated could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad.

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Postulate destruction be our lot, phenomenon must ourselves be its hack and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Erstwhile to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive make a way into St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Suffer describes how these two murders set off a chain riposte that ultimately prompted Abraham President to run for President.^[82]

U.S.

Territory of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to diadem record, Lincoln professed to alters ego in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a apprentice of Henry Clay". Their class favored economic modernization in investment, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig tryst for Illinois's 7th district situation appointment in the U.S.

House forfeited Representatives; he was defeated hard John J. Hardin, though subside prevailed with the party smile limiting Hardin to one outline. Lincoln not only pulled telling off his strategy of gaining birth nomination in 1846, but besides won the election. He was the only Whig in prestige Illinois delegation, but as uncaring as any participated in approximately all votes and made speeches that toed the party column.

He was assigned to loftiness Committee on Post Office extra Post Roads and the Body on Expenditures in the Armed conflict Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R. Giddings on a value to abolish slavery in representation District of Columbia with alimony for the owners, enforcement hold down capture fugitive slaves, and exceptional popular vote on the question.

He dropped the bill during the time that it eluded Whig support.